#distance #measurementUsing Staff Readings – Complete Guide In surveying, accurate distance measurement is essential. The image explains how to calculate distance using Top Reading, Bottom Reading, and Stadia Constant. 🔹 Main Formula (When Top & Bottom Both Visible): Distance = (Top Reading – Bottom Reading) × 100 Example: Top = 1.112 Bottom = 0.654 Distance = (1.112 – 0.654) × 100 = 45.8 meters --- 🔹 When Top or Bottom Reading Is NOT Visible: Use these formulas: ✔ Distance = (Top – Center) ×