Learn how to calculate the combined ratio for insurance companies, including financial and trade basis methods, using loss and expense ratios for profitability analysis.

Amanda Smith is a freelance journalist and writer. She reports on culture, society, human interest and technology. Her stories hold a mirror to society, reflecting both its malaise and its beauty.

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The Beneish model was designed by M. Daniel Beneish to quantify eight variables that can indicate that a company is misrepresenting its profits. Here’s how it works.