Renal stones are hard masses that form from crystals in urine. They range in size from small gravel-like stones to large stones that extend into more than one calyx (staghorn calculi). Although kidney ...
Since the introduction of shockwave lithotripsy in 1980 for the management of renal stones, minimally invasive therapy for urolithiasis has improved and various new techniques have been introduced. [3 ...
Evidence-based recommendations on laparoscopic nephrolithotomy and pyelolithotomy. This involves inserting a tube through small cuts in the abdomen (keyhole surgery) to remove the kidney stones..
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