New research using NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope examines the maximum sizes of gas giant exoplanets, measuring chemical compositions and formation processes in the HR 8799 system.

The past few months, we’ve been giving you a quick rundown of the various ways ores form underground; now the time has come to bring that surface-level understanding to surface-level processes.

There’s a saying in mine country, the kind that sometimes shows up on bumper stickers: “If it can’t be grown, it has to be mined.” Before mining can ever start, though, there has to be ore in the ...